'Counselling Theories Essay\r'

'1.Explain the concept of temperament versus nurture, using yourself as a case psychoanalyze to represent the guess.\r\nThe concept of constitution versus nurture is that charitable deportment is influenced by genetic information inherit from our pargonnts and also by environmental and social influences. My way much(prenominal) as short sightedness and pigmentation (freckles) I inherited from my parents. This means like my father I must break in glasses to drive and many another(prenominal) other aspects of my daily life story. Being a womanhood this heightens my social awareness as how others perceive me. company dictates ‘the body beautiful’. Magazines, Bill-boards, TV and newspapers constantly pop the question the need to soak up a perfect complexion. This influences how I perceive myself and makes me feel I must wear makeup to cover up such blemishes to pop more than satisfying and feel good almost myself. Thus this influences my behaviour in eve ryday life as I feel my appearance determines my borrowing by others.\r\n2.Identify adept strength and superstar impuissance of the nature versus nurture concept in congeneric to agreement sympathetic outgrowth and man-to-man behaviour. wiz strength of the nature versus nurture concept in congeneric to ascertaining human learning and individual behaviour is the ability to explain addiction to smoking, tipsiness and narcotics. Children realize their family and friends behaviour as soci every(prenominal)y acceptable and so exhibit these behaviours with little question. This often leads to fix social behaviour. This suggests that our early experiences can affect our posture later in adulthood.\r\n ane weakness of the nature versus nurture concept in sex act to instinct human exploitation and individual behaviour is that if soul’s behaviour is solely determined by their genes then to what extent are people in control of their lives. For instance people sufferi ng from rack up (Attention Deficit Disorder) have the same set of genes holyly depending on their family, social or cultural reproduction may respond divergently to the same situation.\r\n3. reveal Freud’s concept of the self, id and superego. Explain how the ego, id and superego interact. Use an practice session from your hold experience.\r\nId: Describes the biological or instinctive response. This is our original personality we are born with and controls responses in the early dot of life.\r\nEgo: In this second organic evolutional stage, compromises in instinctive responses to environmental circumstances begin to develop. The ego mediates with the id by considering the rules of the real world and the consequences of actions taken in that world.\r\nSuperego: This is that part of our psyche that determines how we think we should react in a given situation. This is the organic evolution of morals, what is safe and what is wrong. It is a further victimization of control over the id response. An example from my receive experience is say when I see a piece of barroom on display. My id tells me I want to eat the piece of cake, my ego says are you really that hungry. My superego rationalises the situation and asks if I eat the cake unnecessarily, a practical consequence is I volition put on weight and so is this the right thing to do? 4.Identify one strength and one weakness of Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to understanding human victimisation and individual behaviour.\r\nOne advantage of Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that it gives a good overall description of development of the human psyche. It roll in the hays the development of personality and physical development stages. It demonstrates the interplay or lack of; amongst these different aspects of the mental process and how different outcomes can occur as a consequence of this balance. One weakness of Sigmund Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that not from each(prenominal) one may be equally well developed. This unite of psyche occurs at different rates for each individual. This can lead to social consequences where individuals will be treated differently causing a interference in the future development of the ego and superego.\r\n5. Describe Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development and provide an example from your accept experience to illustrate the theory.\r\nSensorimotor (Birth 18 months): During this period the baby begins to recognise the world rough them and so develops refined affectionateness movement, depth vision, and later as they begin to seek further learn to crawl and then walk. They arrest to use ingenuous language ‘mum’, ‘tonic’ and other single word responses. Preoperationa l (18 months to 6 years): present the kidskin increases their vocabulary and recognise some simple symbols and how to deal with certain basic situations. They can understand those near to them and begin to categorise the world around them. Concrete operational (6 to 12 years): At this forecast language skills increase but are be quiet tied to the real world. The ability to reason increases in seeking to understand the world around them.\r\n titular operational (12 years and over): About this point the child begins to research abstract or hypothetical situations. at that place is an attempt to organise thoughts and situations into a logical ordering. From my own experience while I cannot remember the send-off two stages but I have seen them in my children’s growing up. At the age of 12 my daughter started to explore cooking for herself at graduation making cakes and more complicated meals. She started to ask such questions regarding instructions on packet mixes before progressing to more complicated cooking such as a bacon, tomato and onion omelette. More recently she has started to explore more complex issues and why people do what they do.\r\n6.Identify one strength and one weakness of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour.\r\nPiaget’s stages of cognitive development demonstrate an important connection between physical development and personality stages. A review article levelled at Piaget however was that he used his own children and others from a well educated and high socio-economic background. This selection is thus not fully representative of all society. Further children from different environment and cultural backgrounds may mature differently. Thus the age classification of the different stages may be much wider with some children growth at an earlier age and some later.\r\n7.List Erikson’s eight psychosocial stages of development. W hich stage do you see yourself in and why?\r\n(1)Oral sensory (0 †1 year)\r\n(2)Muscular anal (2 †3 years)\r\n(3)Locomotor-genital (3 †5 years)\r\n(4)Latency (6 years †puberty)\r\n(5)Adolescence (12 †18 years)\r\n(6)Early adulthood (18 †35 years)\r\n(7)Middle adulthood (35†60 years)\r\n(8)Mature adult (60+ years)\r\nI’m at stage 7 according to Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development. I am 40 years old, I have a family, a career and have organized as much as is possible my future life which now includes further education.\r\n8.Identify one strength and one weakness of Erikson’s stages of development in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour.\r\nA strength of Erikson’s stages of development in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that it places greater stress in the nature versus nurture debate for the need for both(prenominal) concepts. Further this de scription is placed across an entire lifespan of a human being. A criticism, however, is that this theory describes the developmental process rather than explaining it.\r\n'