Social, Physical and Personal Qualities Essay Example

Social, Physical and Personal Qualities Essay Definition Many experts, especially in social and human scientists including psychologists and philosophers, believe that a place may not be as objective as people think it is(Rollero De Piccoli, 2010). They believe that a place is more subjective being that it is controlled by the individuals perception and conception (Rollero De Piccoli, 2010). These and many more aspects within and in the individuals environment affect his/her reality in that the person will lack direct access to it. Despite all the factors surrounding the individual and the place, social scientists still believe that there exists an attachment between the person and a place(Anton Lawrence, 2014). The experts believe that the person creates two bonds with the place including place attachment and place identity(Qingjiu Maliki, 2013). Therefore, place attachment is an emotional tie one develops with a particular place. Raymond et al. (2010) identify and integrated model towards addressing place attachment. These include th e natural, personal and community connections. We will write a custom essay sample on Social, Physical and Personal Qualities specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social, Physical and Personal Qualities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social, Physical and Personal Qualities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is a multi-disciplinary field that involves social, physical, and psychological aspects. It is therefore as Casakin, Hernndez, Ruiz (2015) explains psychosocial in nature that has its foundation on positive attitudes and emotional or affective ties towards a given local environment. The process is further characterized by social interactions, which are intense and dynamic. It has a close relation with neighborhood attachment which most studies reveal to be a feeling of satisfaction and belonging for ones residential area whose development is through frequent interactions with neighbors. Lewicka (2008) brings out the place to be an essential component of the environmental branch of psychology. The author believes that there can never be a precise meaning and definition of the place and its differences from space. Despite the lack of a measurement tool for the bonds individuals have towards a place, she believes that there exist these relationships including, place identity, attach ment, dependence and much more. Place attachment is, therefore, the bond a person creates with places (Pretty, Chipuer, Bramston, 2003). There are three components of place attachment including behavioral, cognitive, and affective. However, much emphasis is often on the emotional aspect of the place attachment (Lewicka, 2008). There are numerous studies on place attachment about ages or sex but limited evidence on studies related to gender (Raymond, Brown, Weber, 2010). Therefore, the paper will mainly focus on gender and its relation to place attachment. The importance of place attachment Place attachment dictates an essential part of the individuals well-being. As Joffe Smith (2016) indicate, prosperity will depend on various factors including physical and social aspects, which will determine their place attachment. Through a study they conducted in two major cities in Britain Joffe Smith (2016) identified that these elements are dominant in the views of those who dwell in the towns and what their feelings are of an appropriate city of the future. The responses of participants were also indications of the reasons why people develop attachments to particular places. On the physical aspects, the researchers identified issues such as the appeal of facilities including the municipal, social, retail, and cultural. There was also the aspect of nature where they viewed green and blue to signify health and open spaces and parks to signify places to escape. Transport, well designed and beautiful cities and big vs. small cities were also some of the aspects that came out dur ing the study. On the social side, there was safety and a sense of community (Joffe Smith, 2016). Alarasi et al. (2016) develop a paper in which they aim at the incorporation of children in the development of cities. Various factors within the towns will determine the attachment a child creates with the place, and thus the researchers work on revealing the importance of capturing the perception of children in urban development (Boga, 2009). The needs of children have often been ignored despite the fact that they have the ability to recognize various issues within a place and give suggestions for solutions (Alarasi, Martinez Amer, 2016). The researchers move further to identify that the qualities of any childs environment are often four. They are the physical or social and the positive or negative. Their paper identified various positive social conditions to be secure tenure, cohesive community identity, freedom from social threats and a habit of community self-help. There were positive physical qualities, which included freedom of movement, from physical danger, places for, peer gathering, green area, availability of essential services and a variety of settings for activities (Alarasi, Martinez Amer, 2016). They further identified adverse physical qualities to be litter, heavy traffic, and geographical isolation, lack of basic services, limited gathering places, and limited activity settings (Alarasi, Martinez Amer, 2016). The participants in the study further identified various negative social qualities, which included boredom, fear of crime and harassment, social stigma and exclusion, political powerlessness and racial tensions. von Wirth, Grt-Regamey, Moser, Stauffacher, (2016) identify Place attachment as a concept that has three dimensions including the personal characteristics, place characteristics, and psychological processes. A number of studies including Joffe Smith (2016) and Alarasi, Martinez Amer (2016) only include the social and physical qualities, which is an indication of the limited literature on personal qualities in relation to place attachment. Therefore, the study will incorporate social, physical, and personal qualities in explaining place attachment to ensure development of an inclusive literature. Emotional ties in place attachment Place attachment has a solid foundation on an individuals emotionality (Raymond et al., 2010). The bonds develop because of the affect one expresses towards various aspects of his/her environment. Raymond et al. (2010) develop an explanation of what place attachment comprises of. They believe that the concept is in two components, which include place identity and place dependence. Place identity as the researchers explain it is a composition of the various dimensions within the self. They include a mixture of feelings and emotions towards different aspects that are physical. They include different symbolic connections that give a precise definition of the person an individual is (Raymond, Brown, Weber, 2010). Emotions are often because of physical stimuli that people experience. An active stimulus will produce emotions like joy or love. Various neurotransmitters experience alterations within the brain leading to a psychological reaction in ones mind a specifically through the expres sion of a particular emotion. The negative stimulus will also result in unpleasant emotions including anger, sadness and much more.; It is, therefore, clear that emotional ties have an influence on place attachment. Initial and frequent interaction with a place affects the worldview the individual creates towards the environment (Raymond et al., 2010). Aspects like security and social acceptance will change the type of attachment one creates and in which case the attachment becomes positive (Rollero ; De Piccoli, 2010). Negative stimuli during the interaction of one with the place like social isolation will lead to the development of negative emotions. In most instances, the type of emotionality one attaches to something will affect the individual;s overall view. Therefore, place attachment is a human process that depends on emotional ties to a given level. The study will therefore also focus on the influence of emotional ties on place attachment.; Place attachment and place identity Evidence indicates that the relationship between place attachment and place identity remains to be fuzzy. Many researchers will even use the two terms interchangeably (Hern;ndez, Carmen Hidalgo, Salazar-Laplace, ; Hess, 2007). However many of these researchers recognize the importance of place identity as much as they do place attachment (Chow ; Healey, 2008). Place identity often stems from the very essence of the place and has an intimate relationship with place attachment. One could say that as an individual develops place attachment, the creation of place identity is inevitable. As Casakin, Hern;ndez, ; Ruiz (2015) explain place identity is a significant part of one;s identity of the self and is evident through individual values, ideas, preferences, and objectives that are always relevant to the place. Place identity also manifests through how the person comprehends and understands the place. Hern;ndez, Carmen Hidalgo, Salazar-Laplace, ; Hess, (2017) find an intrinsic motivation to place attachment and place identity. They explain that place identity forms an essential part of one;s identity and thus affects the type of attachment on develops with a place. Place identity, therefore, becomes the procedure through which an individual describes him/herself as being part of a particular place through a continue interaction with that place (Hern;ndez, Mart;n, Ruiz, ; Hidalgo, 2010). The researchers, however, identify the issue lack of clarity to the relationship that exists between place attachment and place identity (Qingjiu ; Maliki, 2013).; ; The concepts may appear similar, and in some instances, people use them as synonyms. In other cases, the attachment is operationalized regarding identity. Some individuals may view one component as including the other for example place attachment may be recognized as an element of place identity. However, in a broader sense place attachment is regarded as a multidimensional construct that includes dependence on place, place attachment and many social bonds (Rollero ; De Piccoli, 2010). The study therefore, will, work on defining conceptually and critically the relationship that is present between place attachment and place identity. The formation of relationships with the environment Lewicka (2017) recognizes the presence of various aspects within the place an individual is attached to. They include neighborhoods, region, country, continent, open vs. closed, open vs. gated, the type of social place and capital, preferences that are individually differentiated and much more. All these concepts are part of one;s environment, and they often work as determinants of the type of relationship the individual creates with his/her environment. About this, Joffe ; Smith (2016) talk about personal preferences of future cities, and this stems down to the environment. Personal well-being is dependent on the environment, and negative environmental factors like carbon emissions affect the quality of one;s well-being. Therefore, it is safe to say that people will create relationships with the environment; it is the whole essence of place attachment. However, the type and quality of the relationship that develops highly lean on various aspects within and outside the environment.; About the environment, Lewicka (2010) recognizes various factors that surround the formation of bonds with ones environment. These include the scale of the place, the neighborhood, the home, or dwelling and the city or district. They are pillars of an individuals environment and the relationship created is dependent on various factors within these pillars including social ties, family and socio-economic status and much more. Alarasi, Martinez, Amer (2016) take a different look at the issue of relationship formation with the environment. Their focus is on children and the environment not only the physical but the emotional too. They believe that those children from urban areas suffer neglect especially when identifying factors to consider for city construction and development. Their emphasis is more on understanding various behavior settings for children than just a general look at their personal characteristics. It is essential to get a precise picture of the environmental preferences of children to enable them to develop healthy relationships with particular environments they interact with. It calls for the inclusion of what they prefer especially in urban area environments throughout the construction and development process. It will ensure that they do not feel like outsiders but can easily identify with the particular environment. The current study will, therefore, analyze the formation of relationships with the environment and put into consideration individuals of all ages and not just adults. Gender differences in cities Gender variations are often strong determinants of various preferences individuals have. Place attachment, especially in the towns, is no different as it also varies according to gender. In a study carried out by Alarasi, Martinez Amer (2016) on the perception of cities by children, they identified that though not so significant, there existed differences in preferences between boys and girls. One of the major differences was in the language use especially adjectives where male children would use terms like friendly while girls used pretty. Gils also had their opinion that differed with that of the boys concerning the city centre. The found it unfriendly because they were uncomfortable with the unwanted attention that was present in some areas they accessed. It was an indication of the difference in perception of safety between the boys and the girls. The boys had a higher sense of security in general compared to the girls. Generally, women will care more about safety and therefore create a place attachment to areas they feel their security is guaranteed. The social identity theory indicates individual preferences for what members of a similar group prefer. People find motivation in finding self-esteem, which helps in the achievement and maintenance of a social identity that is positive. Gender divides individuals into groups that people identify with. The preferences will differ from one group to the next, and a group will always go for what works on the development of individual self-esteem and what makes them get a sense of belonging not only to the group but also within the environment. It is a social psychology precept that indicates a form of in-group favoritism. Therefore, city identification and evaluation will get a positive relation based on the concept. It is an indication that if individuals from one gender affiliation identify with a given city, their assessment of the city will be active. Gender also determines particular emotionality with female individuals being characterized to more emotionally reactive than males. The characteristic will also trickle down to the preferences the two groups have of the cities they choose. The various gender characteristics also affect the differences within cities. Both males and females will have a town they prefer over another and in an instance where they go for a similar city; there are certain aspects of the city that men would prefer more to women. The significant difference presents a gender impact on personal choices. It is the reason why the study will introduce the issue of gender and various aspects of gender. It will go further to determine its relationship to place attachment and place identity. The study also aims at understanding the perceptions of place attachment within gender. The current study All these factors and much more, necessitate a rise in the need to explore a gender-focused research on place attachment specifically on the social, physical, and personal qualities. The study focuses on identifying the various perceptions of place attachment within gender. Various issues lead to the research including the lack of clear definitions of place attachment. Numerous studies are available on place attachment on neighborhoods. It is the primary unit where researchers deem appropriate to identify place attachment and all its precepts. Up to seventy percent of the current studies focus on neighborhoods (Raymond et al., 2010). On the other hand, research is limited on place attachment within gender of cities. Evidence indicates that studies on cities only total up to ten percent of the papers on this area (Morgan, 2010). The study also aims at taking a focus on gender. There is still limited literature focusing on gender and place attachment. Alarasi, Martinez Amer (2016) con duct a study on the preferences of children, and their research focuses on the choices the participants make with relation to their gender. Most studies dealing with people demographics often focus only on age and sex. The study concentrates on various qualities including social, physical, and personal while leaning towards gender. It, therefore, adopts the framework of the study carried out by Alarasi, Martinez Amer (2016) which contains the gender perspective for the study. The study employs the use of the QGIS mixed-method approach, which is appropriate in identifying different aspects of the constructs under study. The current study will, therefore, identify the social and physical qualities using a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. There is also the incorporation of personal qualities within the study. Therefore, the paper aims at also adopting the format by Joffe Smith (2016) who employ the use of the Social Representations Theory (SRT) framework to develop personal qualities in reaction to place attachment. Therefore, the study will integrate both structures to ensure that the results generated are efficient. The study adopts the tripartite theory in its explanation of the available data. The theory proposes three dimensions of place attachment including person, place dimensions and psychological process (Gifford Scannell, 2017). These aspects work together and individual in place attachment. One concept will contribute to the stability of the other. The central research question for the study is what are the perceptions of place attachment within gender? An exploratory study will focus on developing literature on gender about place attachment within cities. It is a new area of research within place attachment, and there is limited evidence to indicate the association between the two concepts. The study, therefore, focuses on exploring the issue of gender to develop new literature. The research adopts the methodology used by Joffe Smith (2016) and Alarasi, Martinez Amer (2016) in their studies on place attachment. The study utilizes the data available in these studies, which were acqui red through carrying out interviews with the participants. Gender, age, ethnic groups, and social, economic classes all at an equal level selected the members. The current study adopts and uses social and physical qualities from the coding frameworks developed by Joffe Smith (2016) and Alarasi, Martinez Amer (2016). The research goes further to develop and incorporate a third dimension on personal qualities. The study adopts transcription and coding frameworks for both the Joffe Smith study and that by Alarasi, Martinez Amer (2016). Both coding frameworks will ensure that all aspects the study is trying to develop are incorporated including the social, physical, and personal qualities, which are present in both studies. References Alarasi, H., Martinez, J., Amer, S. (2016). Childrens perception of their city centre: A qualitative GIS methodological investigation in a Dutch City. Childrens Geographies, 14(4), 437-452. Anton, C. E., Lawrence, C. (2014). Home is where the heart is: The effect of place of residence on place attachment and community participation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 451461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.10.007 Boga, C. (2009). Place attachment in a foreign settlement. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(2), 267278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.01.001 Casakin, H., Hernndez, B., Ruiz, C. (2015). Place attachment and place identity in Israeli cities: The influence of city size. Cities, 42, 224-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.07.007 Chow, K., Healey, M. (2008). Place attachment and place identity: First-year undergraduates making the transition from home to university. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(4), 362372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.02.011 Hernndez, B., Carmen Hidalgo, M., Salazar-Laplace, M. E., Hess, S. (2007). Place attachment and place identity in natives and non-natives. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(4), 310319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.06.003 Hernndez, B., Martn, A. M., Ruiz, C., Hidalgo, M. del C. (2010). The role of place identity and place attachment in breaking environmental protection laws. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(3), 281288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.01.009 Joffe, H., Smith, N. (2016). City dweller aspirations for cities of the future: How do environmental and personal wellbeing feature?. Cities, 59, 102-112. Lewicka, M. (2008). Place attachment, place identity, and place memory: Restoring the forgotten city past. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(3), 209-231. Lewicka, M. (2010). What makes neighborhood different from home and city? Effects of place scale on place attachment. Journal of environmental psychology, 30(1), 35-51. Lewicka, M. (2017). Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years?. Retrieved 8 February 2017 Morgan, P. (2010). Towards a developmental theory of place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.07.001 Pretty, G. H., Chipuer, H. M., Bramston, P. (2003). Sense of place amongst adolescents and adults in two rural Australian towns: The discriminating features of place attachment, sense of community and place dependence in relation to place identity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(3), 273287. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00079-8 Qingjiu, S., Maliki, N. Z. (2013). Place Attachment and Place Identity: Undergraduate Students Place Bonding on Campus. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 91, 632639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.463 Raymond, C. M., Brown, G., Weber, D. (2010). The measurement of place attachment: Personal, community, and environmental connections. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 422434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.08.002 Rubin, M., Badea, C., Condie, J., Mahfud, Y., Morrison, T., Peker, M. (2017). Individual differences in collectivism predict city identification and city evaluation in Australian, French, and Turkish cities. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Scannell, L. Gifford, R. (2017). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Retrieved 8 February 2017 Rollero, C., De Piccoli, N. (2010). Place attachment, identification and environment perception: An empirical study. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(2), 198205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.12.003 von Wirth, T., Grt-Regamey, A., Moser, C., Stauffacher, M. (2016). Exploring the influence of perceived urban change on residents place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 46, 6782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.03.001

Great Circlesâ€Definition and Examples in Geography

Great Circless in Geography A great circle is defined as any circle drawn on a globe (or another sphere) with a center that includes the center of the globe. Thus, a great circle divides the globe into two equal halves. Since they must follow the circumference of the Earth to divide it, great circles are about 40,000 kilometers (24,854 miles) in length along meridians. At the equator, though, a great circle is a little bit longer as the Earth is not a perfect sphere. In addition, great circles represent the shortest distance between two points anywhere on the Earths surface. Because of this, great circles have been important in navigation for hundreds of years but their presence was discovered by ancient mathematicians. Global Locations of Great Circles Great circles are easilye based on the lines of latitude and longitude. Each line of longitude, or meridian, is the same length and represents half of a great circle. This is because each meridian has a corresponding line on the opposite side of the Earth. When combined, they cut the globe into equal halves, representing a great circle. For example, the Prime Meridian at 0Â ° is half of a great circle. On the opposite side of the globe is the International Date Line at 180Â °. It too represents half of a great circle. When the two are combined, they create a full great circle which cuts the Earth into equal halves. The only line of latitude, or parallel, characterized as a great circle is the equator because it passes through the exact center of the Earth and divides it in half. Lines of latitude north and south of the equator are not great circles because their length decreases as they move toward the poles and they do not pass through Earths center. As such, these parallels are considered small circles. Navigating with Great Circles The most famous use of great circles in geography is for navigation because they represent the shortest distance between two points on a sphere. Due to the earths rotation, sailors and pilots using great circle routes must constantly adjust their route as the heading changes over long distances. The only places on Earth where the heading does not change is on the equator or when traveling due north or south. Because of these adjustments, great circle routes are broken up into shorter lines called Rhumb lines which show the constant compass direction needed for the route being traveled. The Rhumb lines also cross all meridians at the same angle, making them useful for breaking up great circles in navigation. Appearance on Maps To determine great circle routes for navigation or other knowledge, the gnomic map projection is often used. This is the projection of choice because on these maps the arc of a great circle is depicted as a straight line. These straight lines are then often plotted on a map with the Mercator projection for use in navigation because it follows true compass directions and is, therefore, useful in such a setting. It is important to note though that when long distance routes following great circles are drawn on Mercator maps, they look curved and longer than straight lines along the same routes. In reality, though, the longer looking, the curved line is actually shorter because it is on the great circle route. Common Uses of Great Circles Today Today, great circle routes are still used for long distance travel because they are the most efficient way to move across the globe. They are most commonly used by ships and aircraft where wind and water currents are not a significant factor though because currents like the jet stream are often more efficient for long distance travel than following the great circle. For example in the northern hemisphere, planes traveling west normally follow a great circle route that moves into the Arctic to avoid having to travel in the jet stream when going the opposite direction as its flow. When traveling east, however, it is more efficient for these planes to use the jet stream as opposed to the great circle route. Whatever their use, though, great circle routes have been an important part of navigation and geography for hundreds of years and knowledge of them is essential for long distance travel across the globe.

Great Days Out For Social Groups Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Great Days Out For Social Groups - Article Example The Isle of Wight is the ideal destination when it comes to sailing in the UK. It is most distinctively known for its yachting activities as well as the wide range of sailing events that take place all year round. Sailing is considered to be the most favorite pastime. It mostly takes place in August. There are entertainment facilities for both, the sightseers as well as the sailors. The sailors are offered hire equipments while bars and restaurants are present for the sightseers. One major attraction is also the fireworks that are held on the last Friday of the week.2 Camping is an outdoor activity that has attraction for all age groups and is considered to be one of the most entertaining and healthy outdoor activity and source of entertainment. Activities like swimming, wildlife nature etc is also included in the camping package. Children can take a swim in a nearby lake or pond and spend hours splashing and enjoying in the water, providing that it is safe. Another interest is the wildlife nature. Most people like things that are closest to the nature. Even a small insect can be a source of interest to them. Examination of rocks, flowers, butterflies etc are the major appeal. All these activities are very different from the normal routine life and hence the groups coma back home, relaxed and fresh.3

Traditional Health Care (Culture Care) Practices Research Paper

Traditional Health Care (Culture Care) Practices - Research Paper Example Figures from the 2009 World Religious survey shows that 50.4% of Nigeria's population are Muslims, 48.2% are Christian (15% Protestant, 13.7% Catholic, and 19.6% other Christian), and followers of other religions are 1.4% (BBC News, 2007). These figures notwithstanding, it is evident that Nigerian, Muslims or Christians, have widespread belief in traditional African religious practices (BBC News, 2007). In fact, this belief system has a bearing on the way health and illness is perceived and treated in Nigeria. The richness and variety of Nigeria diet is well known. Different spices and herbs are used in the preparation of soups and sauces and this dominated by meat and/or fish. The use of spices and herbs in food is believed to prevent illnesses such as malaria. With a dysfunctional educational system, only 68% of the population is literate with the rate for men (75.7%) is higher than that for women (60.6%). A country ravaged by poverty and corruption, it has a very low gross domesti c product (GDP); however, it is considered a lower middle income country by the World Bank (World Bank, 2011). The low literacy rate and the very low GDP affect people’s perception of illness and access to medical facilities, respectively. The Nigerian society, like the rest of Africa and in most developing countries has a male-centered and male dominated culture (U.S. Department of State, 2009). This affects the way women are treated and regarded. Most often sick women such as widows and those without children are accused of witchcraft and molested. Definition and Traditional beliefs of Health and Illness in Nigeria Nigerians regards health as multidimensional and not merely the absence of disease. Health is regarded as the attainment of physical, mental, emotional and social well being (WHO, 2005). This definition, which concord with the World Health Organization’s definition, is not a trademark of Nigerian philosophy of good health but the traditional belief of most ancient civilizations. Illness, on the other hand is disharmony either in the physical, mental, emotional and social state of an individual. Thus it is common among Nigerian to view immoral and erratic behavior as a disease. Furthermore, traditional medicine in Nigeria attributes illnesses to spiritual imbalance. Such imbalance could be self-inflicted or the handiwork of the enemies. Thus illnesses, according to traditional medicine in Nigeria, have their origin in the spiritual world Traditional Methods of Maintaining, Protecting and Restoration of Health in Nigeria The traditional method of maintaining, protecting and restoring health in Nigeria is linked with the African Traditional Religion (ATR). This method is the sum total of practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and/or mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises applied singularly or in combination to maintain well-being, as well as to diagnose, prevent an d eliminate of physical, mental, or societal imbalance, and rely exclusively on practical experience and observation handed down from generation to generation, whether verbally or in writing (WHO, 2005). The knowledge and practices form part of ATR. As mentioned above, traditionally, Nigerians linked all

Impact of Globalisation on Toyota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Impact of Globalisation on Toyota - Essay Example Globalisation has played a major part in the emergence of automobile industry and Toyota has been a leading name in the industry which has also been impacted due to globalisation. The paper will discuss and explore the characteristics or issues of globalisation along with its impact on Toyota. Theoretical Framework Globalisation does not have any definite or specific definition. According to Vogel (2010), â€Å"Globalisation is known as the domination of the world economy by multinational companies†. Free trade policies and practices have enabled these large corporation entities to operate their business globally further influencing world economy. Capitalist nations have been mostly benefitted by globalisation. Trade and multinational companies have been highly benefited as a result of globalisation (Vogel, 2010). Globalisation has influenced the political as well as technical environment of the world. However, globalisation can be termed as practice of trading among the natio ns through the operations of the internationally operating corporations. The exchange of goods and services were possible as globalisation enabled these companies to operate in various nations facing minimum friction (Martin Frost, 2011). The effect of globalisation was noticeable after the World War II. The monetary and corporative movement was highly noticeable after the World War II which can be marked as increasing pace towards globalisation. The advancement of technology, establishment of new organisations along with introduction of legal policies and establishment of legal systems are highly responsible for globalisation to flourish and develop. The characteristics of globalisation has... This research focuses upon Toyota that is considered to be amongst the largest car and vehicle manufacturing companies. The company operates its business in a global market and industry where intense competitions are observed. As a result of globalisation, the industry the company deals in is facing many emerging potential competitors from various nations. The advancement of technology has created huge demand in the markets. The advancement of technology has allowed better productions which are gaining demand in the market. Toyota has incorporated advanced technologies in the process of its manufacturing goods. Although, the efforts applied by the company need to be enhanced to cope up with increasing pace of globalisation and upgrading of technologies. The company needs to be actively involved in advancing the technologies it incorporates in manufacturing its goods. As the company is globally renowned, the expectations of the customers would grow with the expansion as well as increa sing impacts of globalisation. Toyota is recognised as an environmental friendly company. This has contributed in its image globally, adding to its brand image gaining company goodwill. With the help of various entry strategies accommodated by the company, it has been able to operate well in multiple nations. Being a Japan originated company, the company has been able to generate maximum of its profit from various European nations and the US as well.

Awareness and Attitude of Radiographers Towards Protection

Awareness and Attitude of Radiographers Towards Protection Nor Atiqah Binti Mohd Fouzi RESEARCH TITLE Awareness and attitude of radiographers towards radiation protection PROBLEM STATEMENT The term ‘radiation’ covers a wide spectrum of different forms of energy, most of which have been suspected to cause ill health to human-beings (Mubeen et al., 2008). The use of ionizing radiation in diagnostic radiography may lead to hazards such as somatic and genetic damages. In addition to the use of ionizing radiation for diagnosis could be have slight chances of damage to living tissues. The effects of low level exposure to ionizing radiation are of a concern to large number of people. For example radiology department has the potential to present the harmful effects of radiation (Mojiri and Moghimbeigi, 2011). Thus Personal protection devices is an important way to address the ‘as low as reasonably achievable’ (ALARA) requirement in radiography. However, its use relies on the attitudes of radiographer to consistently adhere to professional conduct requirements relating to the application of protection devices especially for lead apron, thyroid shield, gonad shield, radiation sign, lead glove and lead goggles (MacKay et al., 2012). Awareness and knowledge of application protection guidelines and instruments among radiology technicians is vital to ensure a safe workplace. Compliance with work and safe radiation protection practices can reduce these risks. The protective measures provided are implemented, to ensure that the risks associated with the use of diagnostic ionizing radiation can be reduced. Therefore, the effect of radiation to the patient or the person responsible for the use of radiation would increase the risk of harm to them. Thus this research intended to answer the question, does radiographer aware of radiation protection and its attitude toward radiation protection? OBJECTIVES General objective The objective of this research to assess the awareness and attitude of radiographers on radiation protection at medical imaging department. Specific objectives To evaluate awareness regarding radiation safety among radiographers. To evaluate personal practices regarding the use of protection devices among radiographers. RESEARCH HYPHOTHESIS Hypothesis 1 Null Hypothesis: The radiographers with low level of work experiences had less knowledge about adverse effects due of radiation. Alternative Hypothesis: The radiographers with high level of work experiences had more knowledge about adverse effects due of radiation. Hypothesis 2 Null Hypothesis: The radiographers with low level of education had less personal practice regarding the use of protection devices. Alternative Hypothesis: The radiographers with high level of education had further personal practice regarding the use of protection devices. LITERATURE REVIEW Radiological examinations are an essential tool for the evaluation of many disorders in daily practice. Ionizing radiation in medical imaging is one of the powerful diagnostic tools in medicine. Radiation which is applied in radiology departments has hazardous effects on biological systems. They produce some type of injury that is incurable. Although all medical interventions have potential benefits, but its potential risks should not be ignored. The cancers risks arise with radiation have been known. Ionizing radiation may effects on gastrointestinal system, central nervous system, gonads or even whole body. These effects may appear as somatic effects or in next generation as genetic effects (Mojiri and Moghimbeigi, 2011). Doses of whatever magnitude are assumed by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) to be able to induce what are referred to as †stochastic effects† such as cancers and hereditary disorders (Yucel et al., 2009). Dose-dependent effects are called as â€Å"deterministic effects† that may be responsible for teratogenicity in diagnostic radiology. These effects are also useful for cancer therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy is sometimes given with curative intent that is, with the hope that the treatment will cure a cancer, either by eliminating a tumor, preventing cancer recurrence, or both (Yucel et al., 2009). To minimize the probability of stochastic effects and prevent deterministic effects, the practice of radiology is guided by the radiation protection framework established by the ICRP. One of the important principles of this framework is that of optimization, meaning the use of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) dose without compromising the quality of the image. Optimization, therefore, involves strategies to manage the radiation dose to the patient (Seeram et al., 2013). In addition, a common pattern was the use of automatic exposure control (AEC) and the measurement of constant effective dose, and the use of a dose-area product (DAP) meter (Warlow et al., 2014). Many studies showed that knowledge about ionizing radiation was insufficient among radiographer and physicians who requested radiological procedures, even radiologists who should have had more information than non-radiologists (Yucel et al., 2009). Radiation protection is the science and art of protecting people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. It is also described as all activities directed towards minimizing radiation exposure of patients and personnel during x-ray exposure. Thus occupational radiation protection is necessity whenever radiation is used in the practice of medicine. Occupational radiation protection measures are necessary for all individuals who work in the diagnostic imaging departments. This includes not only technologists and nurses, but also individuals who may be in a radiation environment only occasionally. All of these individuals may be considered radiation workers, depending on their level of exposure and on national regulations. All workers require appropriate monitoring continuously by common personnel dosimeters like film badge and thermo luminescence dosimeter. They must also receive education and training appropriate to their jobs and protect by tools and equipment. The amount of absorbed dose is related to exposure factors such as kV/ potential difference and mA/ intensity of the beam and time. Personnel protective devices applied for the employee to work safely with the construction of a dose reduction of exposure to personnel. Moreover development and refinement of basic safety standards has a great important role to protect radiology staffs. The level of awareness concerning with radiation protection influences in staff behavior is important. If they have not enough information related to mentioned issue, their action will not be safe and resulted to adverse effects (Mojiri and Moghimbeigi, 2011). METHODOLOGY Study Design Study design will be the cross-sectional study in which the information gather from at least 40 respondents, randomly pick and will be analyzed. Time is provided to them to answer all of the questions in the questionnaire and they need to return back the questionnaire after they finished answering it. All of the data that get from the questionnaires is considered as confidential and all the data will key-in to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of radiographers towards radiation protection. Study Setting This study will be conducted at the hospital will be my practical. Sampling Design and Sample Size In this study, a sample selection of 40 radiographers who have answered the designated questionnaire will be randomly taken out from the target population. Inclusion criteria All radiographer who work in that hospital. Exclusion criteria Clinical students. Research Flow Data Collection Procedures The data collection of 40 respondents will be collected using questionnaires. Radiographers are given questionnaires. They will be asked to fill up the questionnaire. The questionnaire will be asses their awareness regarding radiation safety and their personal practices regarding the use of these protection devices. In producing the questionnaires, I adapted the questionnaires from the previous study which are Takakuwa et al., 2010, Baumann et al, 2011, Sin et al., 2012 Larson et al., 2007. The questionnaires were divided into two sections. The questionnaire has mainly two parts with various questions around radiation protection and safety related to staff and patients. The first part contained information about demographic data like age, sex, work experiences and etc. The second section was about awareness and attitude of employees around protection acts, protection device and dose limit. All the data and details then will be gathered using the standard version of SPSS version 18.0 for windows will be used in a statistical analysis. Data analyzed by Chi square and Fisher exact tests to detect relationship between categorical data. 7.6 Research Tools This study will use hand-out questionnaires in order to obtain data from respondents. Participants for this research are selected when they had finished doing a case related to medical imaging and research done during radiographer have free time. The set of questionnaires set for response are attached in Appendix 1. 7.7 Statistical Consideration The data will be analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. All the data from the data collection form will be gathered to and key in into this software. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used to show the relative proportion of radiographer selecting given answers for each question. Chi square and Fisher exact tests will be used to detect relationship between categorical data. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION Research questions pursued in this study are relevant to important health care issues. This study also justified based on the potential scientific value of its results. Statistical procedures to be carried out during this study will be appropriate, and will not be used to manipulate the data just to get significant results. This final result of this study will be published in a thorough and honesty during reporting. Data information that will collect from the respondent will be private and confidential. Approval for this study will be sought from the Faculty of Health Science, MARA University of Technology, which is associated with Imaging Diagnostic Department at the hospital that I would practically then. Furthermore, researchers will complete and sign the application of research ethics to be approved by the Faculty of Health Sciences, MARA University of Technology, to declare that the research has been tied to ethical principles. A copy of the proposal and agreement of the investigation will be included. Head of department and institution approval will submit personally to the respective institutional by the researcher for approval. BUDGET The calculation of estimated budget for this research includes the travelling cost, printing cost, and photocopy. Below is the table of the estimating cost. Table 1: Estimated Cost of the Project PROPOSED TIME FRAME FOR THE PROJECT A Gantt chart is a planning tool that shows graphically the order in which various tasks must be completed and the duration of each activity. Look at table 2 below on the planning of the study to be conducted. Table 2: Gants Chart of the Project

South Korea Essay -- Essays Papers

South Korea History Korea’s original name, Choson, Meant â€Å"land of the morning calm.† The country’s history has been shaped by frequent invasions from its neighbors. Korean history is divided into three main periods: the silla (668-935), Koryo (935-1392), and Yi (1392-1910) dynasties. The name â€Å"Korea† is derived from the middle dynasty of Koryo. Foreign influence-direct and indirect-occurred throughout these dynasties. All of Korea’s foreign overlords-Mongolian, Chinese, and Japanese instituted a closed-door policy in order to solidify their rule. This isolation earned Korea the name of the Hermit kingdom. In 1910, Japan annexed Korea and enforced ruthless control, outlawing Korean culture and language. Despite resistance, several generations grew up more familiar with Japanese than with Korean customs. At the Yalta Conference at the end of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union jointly established temporary administrative trusteeship over Korea until democratic elections could be held. Japanese forces south of the thirty-eighth parallel surrendered to the United States and forces in the north surrendered to the U.S.S.R. The Soviets blocked attempts to hold nationwide elections, and the two sides became deadlocked. When authorities in the north ignored a United nations resolution for supervised elections in 1948, a pro-Western government was established in the south (the republic of Korea). Later the Soviet Union established the Democratic Peoples’s republic of Korea in the north. In June 1949, U.S. troops withdrew. One year later, North Korean forces in vaded South Korea. A United Nations-backed coalition of sixteen member nations sent assistance to South Korea. The resulting war lasted three years and ended in a stalemate. On July 27, 1953, an armistice agreement was signed and a military Armistice Commission with five members for each side was set up to supervise the implementation of the armistice. Since neither the United States nor South Korea ever signed the agreement (although they respect the terms as members of the United Nations), a state of war is formally still in effect. The Society and Its Environment Few societies have changed as rapidly or as dramatically since the end of World War II as that of South Korea. When the war ended in 1945, the great majority of the people living in the southern ... ...d lineage continuity traditionally was, and to a great extent remains, a supremely important principle. This reflects Mencius’s view that of all possible unfilial acts, to deprive one’s parents of posterity is the worst. Historically, the Korean family has been patrilineal. The most important concern for the family group was producing a male heir to carry on the family line and to perform ancestor rituals in the household and at the family gravesite. The first son customarily assumed leadership of the family after his father’s death and inherited his father’s house and a greater portion of land than his younger brothers. Traditionally, the purpose of marriage was to produce a male heir to carry on the family line and not to provide mutual companionship and support for husband and wife. Marriages were arranged. A go-between or matchmaker, usually a middle-aged woman, carried on the negotiations between the two families involved who, because of a very strict law of exogamy, sometimes did not know each other and often lived in different communities. The bride and groom met for the first time at the marriage ceremony, a practice that ended in the cities by the 1930’s.

Tb Case Holding

Case Holding -Ensures treatment compliance -Indirectly, this will translate to treatment success or cure -Poor treatment compliance may lead to the following outcomes: oChronic infectious illness oDrug resistance oDeath Poor Case Holding 1. Inadequate drugs and poor drug distribution 2. Patient’s non-adherence 3. Physician’s non-adherence 4. Low motivation of health workers SLU PPMD Unit: Operations PTB Suspect -Cough > 2 weeks with or without the following oFever oHemoptysis oBack pains oWeight loss oEasy fatigability Refer to SLUPPMD unity for sputum AFB smear v PTB YesNo vv TreatRefer to TBDC v Send back to referring physician -Importance of taking the drug -Role of treatment partner in the family -Possible side effects -Regular physical examination Classification of TB cases 1. Pulmonary TB a. Smear positive o>2 (+) sputum AFB + radiographic abnormalities consistent with TB, OR o1 (+) sputum AFB + radiographic abnormalities consistent with active TB as determined by a physician, OR o1 (+) sputum AFB + sputum culture (+) for MTB b. Smear negative o> 3 (-) sputum AFB with radiographic abnormality consistent with active PTB, AND ono response to a course of antibiotics, AND oTBDC decides to treat the patient . Extra-Pulmonary TB (EP) a. A patient with at least one mycobacterial smear/culture positive from an extra-pulmonary site, OR b. A patient with histological &/or clinical evidence consistent with active extra-pulmonary TB and there is a decision by the TBDC to treat the patient with anti-TB drugs. -Note: All EP cases shall undergo DSSM prior to treatment Types of TB Cases -New – no Tx or 2 months -Treatment failure – still (+) on the 5th month -Other – became (+) on 2nd month; interrupted Tx but smear (-) Recommended Category of Treatment Regimen CategoryType of TB PatientTB Treatment Regimen IntensiveContinuation INew smear (+) PTB New smear (-) PTB with extensive parenchymal lesion on CXR (TBDC) EPTB and severe concomitant HIV disease2HRZE4HR IITreatment failure, RAD, relapse, other2HRZES/ HRZE5HRE IIINew smear (-) PTB with minimal parenchymal lesions on CXR (TBDC)2HRZE4HR IVChronic (still smear (+) after supervised re-treatment)Refer to specialized facility or DOTS plus center Directly Observed Treatment (DOT) -Success depends on having a responsible treatment partner. – any of the following could serve as a treatment partner: 1. DOTS facility staff such as midwife or the nurse 2. A trained community member such as the BHW, local government official or former TB patient. Schedule of DSSM Follow-up (Categories I and III) Schedule of DSSM follow-upCategory I (2HRZE/4HR)Category III (2HRZE/4HR) Regular treatment Regular1 month extension Towards the end of 2nd monthYes (if positive)Yes Towards the end of 3rd month(if negative)Yes Towards the end of 4th monthYes Towards the end of 5th monthYes Beginning of 6th monthYes Beginning of 7th monthYes Schedule of DSSM Follow-up (Category II) Schedule of DSSM follow-upCategory II (2HRZES/HRZE/5HRE) Regular Treatment1 month extension Towards the end of 3rd monthYes (if positive) Towards the end of 4th month(if negative)Yes Towards the end of 5th monthYes Towards the end of 6th monthYes Beginning of 8th monthYes Beginning of 9th monthYes Guide in Managing Adverse Reactions to Anti-TB drugs Adverse ReactionsDrug(s) probably responsibleManagement Minor GI intoleranceRHGive meds at HS or small meals Mild skin reactionsAnyGive antihistamines Orange/red color urineRifampicinReassure the patient Pain at the injection siteStreptomycinWarm compress. Rotate sites. Burning sensation in the feet due to neuropathyINHPyridoxine 100-200 mg/day for treatment; 10 mg for prevention Arthralgia due to hyperuricemiaPZAGive ASA/NSAID Flu-like symptomRifampicinGive antipyretics Major Severe skin rashAny (especially Streptomycin)Discontinue anti-TB drugs and refer to DOTS physician JaundiceRHZDiscontinue anti-TB drugs and refer to DOTS physician Impairment of visual acuity – optic neuritisEMBDiscontinue EMB and refer to ophthalmologist Hearing impairmentStreptomycinDiscontinue streptomycin and refer to DOTS physician Psychosis and convulsionINHDiscontinue INH and refer to DOTS physician Thrombocytopenia, anemia and shockRifampicinDiscontinue anti-TB drugs and refer to DOTS physician

Economic concerns in the aftermath of terrorism

Economic concerns in the aftermath of terrorism Introduction Terrorism is one of the major challenges threatening the existence of societies in different parts of the world. Acts of terror have been in existence for centuries. Currently, governments are facing terrorism from domestic and transnational sources (Gaibulloev Sandler, 2009). Various scholars have tried to define the term terrorism, thus leading to numerous definitions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Economic concerns in the aftermath of terrorism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gaibulloev and Sandler (2009) define terrorism as â€Å"premeditated use or threat to use violence by individuals or sub-national groups in order to obtain a political or social objective through the intimidation of a large audience beyond that of the immediate victims† (p. 362). Gaibulloev and Sandler (2009) further opine that modern terrorism is intended to cause harm to a particular society in order to comp el the targeted government to give in to their demands. Therefore, terrorists try to achieve their goal by circumventing democratic processes. Acts of terror may result in adverse economic and or human losses. For example, the al-Qaeda terror network advocates its supporters to attack critical economic centers. Gaibulloev and Sandler (2009) are of the opinion that such losses expose governments’ incapability to protect their citizens and assets. As a result, the public may lose confidence on their government. In addition to social impacts, terrorism has significant economic impacts on society. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to integrate effective mechanisms to curb this social ill. This paper focuses on the economic dimension of terrorism by describing and critically analyzing the economic concerns due to terrorism. Analysis Direct economic costs According to Johnston and Nedelescu (2005), terrorism has undergone significant changes over the past few years. Te rrorists are targeting civilians and business activities leading to substantial destruction of property and loss of life. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) estimated the direct cost of the 9/11 terrorist attack to be $ 27.2 billion, which represents 25% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product. Local and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Local and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are some of the major avenues through which governments stimulate their countries’ economic growth and development. According to Alfaro (2003), both the developed and developing economies are increasingly offering incentives to foreign investors in order to attract them to invest in their countries.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More FDI has positive impacts on the host country’s growth and development efforts (Carkovic Levine, 2004). F irst, FDI results in the transfer of knowledge and technology to the host country, thus jumpstarting its economy. Terrorist attacks diminish the attractiveness of a particular country to investors, which arises from an increment in the degree of uncertainty with regard to foreign direct investments. Terrorism may result in the destruction of essential infrastructure. For example, the attack on London’s financial district in 1992 by the IRA terrorist group resulted in damages worth  £ 800 million. Additionally, the attack conducted on London’s railway network in July 2005 resulted in damages whose cost was estimated to be  £ 1 billion (Gaibulloev Sandler, 2009). Such destructions may lead to increment in the cost of operation. Moreover, investors may be forced to integrate private security measures in order curb terrorism, which may affect the productivity of a company adversely. Terrorism may also increase the cost of doing business, thus hindering a countryâ€⠄¢s economic growth. For example, companies may be forced to pay higher insurance premiums (Gaibulloev Sandler, 2009). The aviation industry is one of the industries that have been greatly affected by insurance premium hikes. However, other sectors such as tourism, transportation, and the energy sector have also been affected (Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation, 2002). Secondly, firms may experience a challenge in their efforts to recruit the necessary workforce, which arises from lack of incentives to work in a country that is prone to terrorism. Therefore, the performance and productivity of companies may be affected adversely by terrorism. Considering the fact that investors are risk averse in their investment process, they may decide to redirect their local and foreign direct investments to countries that are not prone to terrorism. For example, the success of the European Union depends on the extent of the developed investor confidence. Disruption of investo r confidence is likely to lead to the member states experiencing low Gross Domestic Product (GDP) due to change in investment behavior. Moreover, lack of investor confidence may also lead to a decline in asset prices.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Economic concerns in the aftermath of terrorism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Johnston and Nedelescu (2005) further opine, â€Å"Falling investor confidence may trigger a generalized drop in asset prices and a flight to quality that increases the borrowing costs for riskier borrowers† (p.32). This aspect may adversely affect a country’s economic growth. Public spending Government spending is another major macroeconomic element that is influenced by terrorism. Government spending refers to the expenditure that is incurred by a particular government in the process of providing goods and services to the public. According to Gaibulloev and Sandler ( 2009), terrorism increases government spending in a number of ways. Governments are forced to increase their expenditure in an effort to implement various defensive and proactive actions to counter terrorism. Such campaigns may entail an effort to capture the terrorists. Herendeen (2008) asserts that investments on such security measures may crowd investment in some economic sectors such as health, infrastructure [canals, bridges and highways], and education. The 2001 terrorism attack in the US stimulated the US government to invest a substantial amount in research and development on military projects. Similarly, member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) increased their investment on counter-terrorism mechanisms. Therefore, governments shift their focus from economically productive sectors. According to a survey conducted by the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation in 2002, a 1% increment on military security spending, reduces a countries spending by 0.7% within five years. Terrorism in the less developed countries may also limit the amount of grants and donations received from the developed countries. This aspect arises from the fact that donors may develop a perception that their donations will be diverted to finance military projects rather than projects aimed at alleviating poverty (Gaibulloev Sandler, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In an effort to raise the funds necessary to counter terrorism, the less developed countries may adopt measures that might increase the rate of inflation. For example, governments might produce their domestic currency. According to Bruck (2007), public spending during the conflict period increases significantly. This trend continues during the years preceding acts of terror. As a result, a country’s macroeconomic stability is affected by the high rate of inflation and increase in the budget deficit (Bruck, 2007). Financial market According to Bruck (2007), financial markets play a critical role in a country’s economic growth as it stimulates the flow of investment capital and savings. As a result, production of products and services and continuous restructuring of a country’s economy are enhanced despite the fact that their financial markets are facing a major threat due to terrorism. According to Johnston and Nedelescu (2005), terrorism affects the operations o f financial markets in a number of ways. One of these ways entails disruption of the financial market infrastructure such as the communication systems. For example, J.P Morgan Chase and the Bank of New York are some of the major clearing financial institutions in the US. The two institutions were forced to relocate their operations to their backup sites after the 2001 terror attack. Their relocation was occasioned by the fact that their headquarters were located near to the World Trade Center, which was hit by terrorists. Disruption of operations in the two financial institutions forced the firms to resort to manual processing of securities and other financial transactions. This move led to significant delays in the process of clearing various financial transactions. Consequently, the degree of uncertainty in the financial institutions’ ability to address the customers’ liquidity needs was increased. Mueller and Stewart (2011) assert that terrorism affects the stabilit y of financial markets, and this aspect has adverse effects on stock prices. The 9/11 terrorist attack led to heavy disturbance in the global stock exchange market. For example, stock prices in the European stock market declined with a 9% margin. The decline in stock prices arose for the insurance, tourism, and the airline industries were affected adversely. The European stock market was also adversely affected by the Madrid bombings. The insurance industry is greatly affected by terrorism compared to the stock exchange market and the banking industry. For example, it is estimated that the US insurance industry incurred a loss of $ 30 and $ 50 billion following the 9/11 terrorist attack. Such huge financial losses may result in some companies going into bankruptcy, as the parties affected by terrorism may claim compensation, which the insurer might not be in a position to cover. Impact on supply chains Developing an effective supply chain is imperative in a country’s economic growth and the government should focus on three main facets of supply, which include information, material, and funds (Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation, 2002). After the 11 September 2001 terrorist attack in the US, the US government halted the country’s air transport system for four days. The decision to halt the air transport hinged on the need to tighten the country’s security measures. Immediately after the terror attack, the US government closed the border between Canada and the US. It is estimated that approximately 500,000 vehicles cross the border daily. Moreover, the volume of trade conducted through the border between Canada and the US is estimated to be $ 1.4 billion daily. Traders incurred opportunity cost due to the long waits. The automobile companies were the worst affected, which arises from the fact that the just-in-time supply chain was broken down. Moreover, companies that deal with perishable goods experienced huge losses due t o the long wait during security checks. The terrorist attack did not only affect the US firms, but also firms in other countries that conduct bilateral trade with the US. For example, a number of companies in Canada were shut down following the 2001 terrorist attack (Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation, 2002). Terrorism disrupts the cost of supply chains by increasing transportation cost. Most air and water transportation companies have increased the cost of transportation. For example, the US government requires all international shipments to be subjected to inspection by the Coast Guards. Additionally, the ships are required to be escorted by tugboats and on the other hand, airfreight companies have incorporated high commercial insurance premiums. Additionally, the cost of airfreights in some terrorist prone regions is also increased by war surcharges. Sandler and Enders (2008) assert that exports are affected adversely by terrorism due to increment in the cost o f transaction. Sandler and Enders (2008) further opine, â€Å"A first terrorist incident reduces bilateral trade by 8%† (p.5). If a country becomes vulnerable to terrorism, the volume of bilateral trade is adversely affected. Conclusion The paper ranks terrorism as one of the major challenge faced by all governments around the world. Currently, terrorism has undergone significant changes and the perpetrator’ targets have also changed. Terrorists are not only targeting major installations, but also civilians. Therefore, it is essential for governments and other stakeholders to address this social ill conclusively. In addition to addressing the social impacts associated with terrorism, it is imperative for governments to take into account the economic aspects highlighted in this paper. The analysis shows that terrorism has adverse effects on a country’s economic growth and development. First, terrorism leads to substantial loss in governments’ effort to cle ar and reconstruct critical infrastructures that are damaged by terrorist acts. Additionally, terrorism diminishes the attractiveness of a country to investors, which arises from the fact that investors lose confidence on the security of their investment. Lack of confidence may force investors to shift their investments to other countries that are less prone to terrorism and have a high degree of certainty. Terrorism also results in an increment in the volume of government spending. Governments spend a lot of money in developing and implementing mechanisms aimed at countering terrorism. As a result, funds are shifted to activities that have a low economic value. Financial markets, which are a critical component in a country’s economic growth, are also affected by terrorism through disruption of communication systems. Terrorism may also force some financial institutions such as insurance companies into bankruptcy. The supply chains are also affected adversely by terrorism. Suc h effects may limit a country’s ability to achieve its macroeconomic goals. Recommendations In order to address the negative economic effects associated with terrorism, it is imperative for governments to integrate effective counter terrorism mechanisms. Some of the issues that governments should focus on are outlined below. Governments should integrate tighten their security mechanisms. For example, governments should conduct a comprehensive background checks on the parties involved in the supply chain. Such measures are important despite the fact that they may increase the cost of doing business. This aspect arises from the fact companies will be forced to shift from just-in-time inventory management model to just-in-case buffers to minimize disruptions in the operation of companies due to lack of raw materials. It is imperative for governments to collaborate with one another in their quest to counter terrorism, as terrorism does not only affect the target country but also the country’s trade partners. Reference List Bruck, T. (2007). The economic analysis of tourism. New York, NY: Routledge. Carkovic, M., Levine, R. (2004). Does foreign direct investment accelerate  economic growth. Retrieved from https://piie.com/publications/chapters_preview/3810/08iie3810.pdf Gaibulloev, K., Sandler, T. (2009). The impact of terrorism and conflicts on growth in Asia. Economics and Politics, 21(3), 359-370. Herendeen, J. (2008). Issues in economics: an introduction. Lanhan, MD: University Press of America. Johnston, R., Nedelescu, O. (2005). The impact of terrorism on financial markets. New York, NY: International Monetary Fund. Mueller, J., Stewart, G. (2011). Terror, security and money: Balancing the risks,  benefits and cost of homeland security. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation. (2002). Economic  consequences of terrorism. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/eco/outlook/1935314.pdf Sa ndler, T., Enders, W. (2008). Economic consequences of terrorism developed  and developing countries: an overview. Retrieved from utdallas.edu/~tms063000/website/Econ_Consequences_ms.pdf

Failure in Business

Failure in Business Most of the times, businesses fail to achieve the set objectives. Such a scenario comes about perhaps because the business does not implement the right strategies or offers customers a product that is not in demand. In addition, a business may fail because it is not located in a suitable environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Failure in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, no matter what the causes of business failure are, many people tend to embrace different ideas on how failure is good for a business. This has been adopted by many people such that even organizations are adopting strategies that advocate for failure in business with the belief that failure is a step to the achievement of any set goals and objectives. This paper looks at the concept of business failure and examines any possible steps that upon implementation within a given time can prevent unwanted failure. In addition, the paper will look at steps that a business, organization and companies can adopt to better learn from failure. The assertion that failure and fast failure is a good thing has received different opinions. Several people argue that failure in a business is a good thing while others are for the belief that failure is bad and should not be advocated. Usually, failure is not as good as some people would think. Numerous people, especially those in management hold the belief that failure in business is bad but they share a common tradition that any business that has failed can effectively learn from mistakes committed during a past project. The reason why many people believe that failure in business is good is that there is often room to reflect on a past project and help the business set up strategies aimed at avoiding similar mistakes. In addition, the view of failure as a good thing is backed by the fact that a business can set up a team to investigate the factors that were responsible for the failure and offer recommendations to avoid future failure. Evidently, failure in business should not be considered as a bad thing, even though in the concept of an organization’s life, failure can be at times bad and inevitable. It is believed that businesses can detect, as well as analyze failures in an attempt to set up measures of avoiding future failures, however, research has showed that not all businesses have what it takes in terms of activities and attitudes. As such, there is lack of appreciation especially when it concerns strategies for learning that are context-specific.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For this reason, businesses should come up with strategies aimed at achieving the set goals as opposed to repeating past mistakes. In addition, there is a need for new methods of going past superficial lessons learnt from business failure. In this case then, it would involve avoiding stereotypes and old-fashioned cultures of success along with commitment to embrace lessons from failure. Evidently, business failure is good if the right strategies are adopted in learning from such failure. Steps to Prevent Unwanted Failure Unwanted failure refers to failure that is uncalled for. Even though some business embrace failure, it is important to set up measures that are aimed at avoiding unwanted failure for any given business. The following are three steps that a business can implement within a period of six months to prevent unwanted failure in the future. Plan for the future and avoid predicting it The future of any business is very significant, and for this reason, planning for the future is an important step that any business should take. Even though many businesses have often predicted the future, and the possibility of achieving the set goals it turns out that predicting a business future can be quite hard. The only option av ailable thus is for businesses to come up with decisions that are focused on a future plan. Having a plan helps any given business to work towards maximizing its resources with the aim of achieving set objectives. Cary out Market Research Market research allows a business to explore the opportunities available for its services and products. As such, a thorough research into the condition of the market is all a business requires to determine the potential of the business especially when it comes to measures necessary in achieving any set goals. Emphasize on the principles of the business as opposed to industrial principles A business is run through the interplay of numerous principles. In addition, different aspects define any given business such as personnel, finance, as well as legal issues and many more. The understanding of how all the aspects of a business relate to one another gives the business a chance to grow and implement the necessary strategies to achieve the goals and ob jectives of the business. However, many businesses fail to achieve their objectives because they focus entirely on the principles of the industry the business operates. This tends to divert the available resources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Failure in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the foregoing, it is evident that every business should have a plan for the future, market itself thoroughly and focus on ensuring that its business aspects relate as expected if the business is to avoid unwanted failure. Steps to Better Learn From Failure Research has showed that many people and businesses make use of their past failure as a stepping stone towards the achievement of the business’s goals and objectives. Many scholars though, believe that in order to make use of the failure, the business should consider a number of factors and effective strategies in harnessing failure in the best way possible. As such, the application of systematic steps in the management of any given business, organization and company can be a suitable ground to make use of past failure to improve on their mistakes and weaknesses. This can be a best way of creating excellent deliverables with impacts that are far-reaching and long lasting. Outlined below are three steps that a business, an organization or a company can adopt for a given period to make sure that they learn better from past failure. Launching the project Any project that a business embarks on has several tasks to be completed, deadlines to be met, as well as objectives to achieve. Such activities are vital and all the team members concerned with the project should make sure that they work towards achieving the set objectives. Launching any project is the initial step that determines the success of the project and achievement of any set goals. For this reason, the business requires a lot of effort, resources and commitment in this step. Ho wever, in order to make sure that the process of launching any project is successful, the concerned team can consider looking at past projects that failed perhaps as a result of poor launching strategies. Such a strategy provides the business with ideas on what to include in the implementation, as well as what to avoid during the initial step. It is thus, evident that past failure especially in the initial step is necessary since it makes the business to adequately prepare the necessary strategies and resources to set off the given project.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Building and refining the project by use of iteration The launching step of any project sets out the goals and objectives to be achieved once the project is implemented. As such, there is a need to reflect on the project in order to be sure of what resources are necessary to achieve the set goals. However, in the event that a business is not aware of where to start or what resources to include, past projects can be a suitable point of start. This is attributable to the fact that past failure offers an opportunity for the concerned business to explore the available opportunities and determine the challenges that caused the past project’s failure. This helps the business to build, as well as refine its current projects through iteration, and subsequently achieve its goals and objectives. Past failure thus will help the business to avoid the thought of the particular project as a type of monolithic effort that is aimed at achieving the set goals. As such, the business ought to c onsider the project as a ground to experiment, as well as learn. This would help the business have a platform whereby it can plan its project well, as well as carry out an assessment of the current project and compare it with past project to ascertain chances of success or failure. Research has established that such an approach to a project helps the business to see its plans through a past failure. In such a case, the business does not necessarily focus on perfecting its plan but putting a consideration of any available options, scenarios and the calculation of all details beforehand. Embed the learning The launching and planning of a project is an important process that requires much commitment from the parties involved. However, the fact that a project has been started and led to conclusion does not necessarily mark the end of the project. The last step involves the embedment of lessons learnt during the entire process. This is important since it gives the business an opportunity to share any lessons that the business might have learnt during the launching and implementation of the project on a larger scale. With such options the business can have the opportunity of applying the learnt lessons to future projects and efforts. Most projects have failed because the last part of the project is not given the necessary attention. For this reason, there is a need to learn from failures in the past whereby the main cause of the failure was a case where the concerned business did not embed the learning. Research is necessary in this case since it gives the business an opportunity to explore the options available. This gives the business a chance to put the necessary efforts into work thereby achieving the set goals and objectives.

Violence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Violence - Research Paper Example Regardless of what argument a person takes, â€Å"Call of Duty† should be an adult game that is only played by people over the age of 18 or young people who have reached the moral stage of development that understands right from wrong. A 1994 survey of young students, between fourth and sixth grades, showed that the longer a person plays a video game the more their personal empathy for others was reduced (Funk, Baldacci, Pasold & Baumgardner, 26). Empathy is the level of personal respect and emotional attachment that a person has to the needs of others in society. This study suggests that if a child were to play â€Å"Call of Duty† for a long period of time, and be exposed to ongoing brutal images, they will be likely to adopt personality traits that make them less caring about others. This theory offers that young people will become desensitized after prolonged periods, making them less teamwork focused and able to support others in the community with positive emotions. In my personal life, I have watched many young children playing violent video games, including â€Å"Call of Duty†. Some of these children were between the ages of eight and 17 years. I have seen children who get very involved with the content of the game, and will explode verbally when they fail to meet content targets or achieve the game’s goal. One young child, a family friend of age 12, actually would slam the computer mouse down on the counter and swear at the computer when playing the game. This was something that was not common with this child when in other social environments. This would add support to the idea that it can change the personality behaviors of children when they play the game over and over again. A normally content and non-explosive child who, when exposed to violent game play, begins to act uncontrollably and angry should be an

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 21

Personal Statement - Essay Example They feared that if they antagonized the majority white community in which the school was located, there would be a backlash. But I convinced them that such a racist comment, if went unquestioned, would lead to inner hostilities and would in the long run affect the very communal harmony that they were trying to preserve. And once the complaint was filed, I could suggest to the school authorities that the daughter (student of this school) of the accused parent had to be taken into confidence, as I knew that she was a very good-hearted girl. She in turn persuaded her father to apologize to my friend personally and in this manner, the issue was resolved peacefully, without any ill feelings and disturbing the communal peace. 2. Knowledge or creativity in a field: I have a very special interest in anthropology. I used to read, from a very early age, travel books that described different civilizations and geographical communities like mountain people, sea farers etc. It was Gulliver’s Travels (Swift) that inspired me into this taste for diversity in human life and behavior. When I grew up I started to acquire knowledge in the field of anthropology by reading books and later I started using internet. Though I am not academically following this area of study, lives of other people continue to fascinate me and I have a few friends among the scholars in this field who patiently answer my queries and doubts sent to them via email. I will describe my creativity as my ability to look at old things in a new way. It is my constant attempt to experience every moment of life as if it is the first moment in my life. For example, when I decided to make a video documentary on Native Indian community, I decided t o tell their history and story through their cuisine. I could in this manner, show how the changing environment forced them to