What was the Law How to Find Historical Statutes Online

Genealogists and other historians often find it useful to know what laws were in effect in a particular location at the time an ancestor lived there, research that may mean delving into a combination of federal, state, and local laws. To that end, statutes can be a good starting point for tracing the legislative history of a particular law. The word statute refers to a law passed by a state legislature or federal government (e.g. U.S. Congress, British Parliament) sometimes called legislation or enacted law. This is in contrast to case law, which is a record of written opinions issued by judges in deciding cases, an important part of the common law legal system in force throughout much of the United States (except Louisiana), Canada (excluding Quebec), Great Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Bangladesh, most of India, Pakistan, South Africa, and Hong Kong. In addition to understanding how the law may have affected the lives of our ancestors, published statutes also contain private laws which directly name individuals and may provide other information of historical or genealogical value. Private acts are laws which apply specifically to individuals or groups of individuals rather than everyone within a governmental jurisdiction, and may include early name changes and divorces, authorizations to build something or collect a toll, formation of a specific township or church, land grant disputes, petitions for monetary relief such as pension claims, requests for exemption from immigration restrictions, etc. Types of Statutory Publications Their Uses Legislation at both the federal and state level is generally published in three forms: as individually issued slip laws, published immediately after passage of a law. Slip laws are the first official text of laws, or statutes, enacted by the legislative body of a jurisdiction.as session laws, the collected slip laws that have been enacted during a particular legislative session. Session law publications publish these laws in chronological order, by the legislative session in which they were enacted.as compiled statutory codes, compilations of laws of a permanent nature currently in force for a specific jurisdiction, published in a topical or subject arrangement (not chronological). Code or statutes volumes are periodically updated with supplements and/or new editions in order to reflect changes, e.g. addition of new laws, changes in existing laws, and deletion of repealed or expired laws. Compiled or revised statutes are often the easiest way to begin to narrow down the period when a law change took effect, and will usually reference the session law enacting the change. Session laws are then the most useful for continuing research into the historical evolution of an area of law. Determining the Laws in Effect at a Certain Time Place Although federal and state statutes and session laws, both current and historical, are fairly easy to access, locating a specific statutory law in effect at a certain period and place can be a little difficult. Generally, the easiest way is to begin with the most recent version of the compiled or revised statutes, whether federal or state, and use the historical information generally found at the end of each statute section to work your way back through prior enacted laws. Federal Statutes U.S. Statutes at Large United States Code current Historical State Statutes Session Laws Cornell Legal Information Institute Law Librarians Society of Washington, D.C. current Define your question: What was the minimum age for an 1855 marriage in North Carolina without parental consent? Once you locate the current statute that addresses your question or topic of interest, scroll down to the bottom of that section and youll generally find a history with information on prior amendments. The following section directly addresses our question concerning North Carolina marriage laws, including the minimum age at which two people can marry without parental consent. Chapter 51-2 of the North Carolina Statutes states: Capacity to Marry: All unmarried persons of 18 years, or older, may lawfully marry, except as hereinafter forbidden. Persons over 16 years of age and under 18 years of age may marry, and the register of deeds may issue a license for the marriage, only after there shall have been filed with the register of deeds a written consent to the marriage, said consent having been signed by the appropriate person as follows: (1) By a parent having full or joint legal custody of the underage party; or (2) By a person, agency, or institution having legal custody or serving as a guardian of the underage party.... At the bottom of Chapter 51, Section 2 is a history that points to previous versions of this statute: History: R.C., c. 68, s. 14; 1871‑2, c. 193; Code, s. 1809; Rev., s. 2082; C.S., s. 2494; 1923, c. 75; 1933, c. 269, s. 1; 1939, c. 375; 1947, c. 383, s. 2; 1961, c. 186; 1967, c. 957, s. 1; 1969, c. 982; 1985, c. 608; 1998‑202, s. 13(s); 2001‑62, s. 2; 2001‑487, s. 60. Historical State Statutes Online Once you have the history of your legislation of interest, or if you are looking for private laws, you will now need to turn to historical published statutes or session laws. Published versions can often be found on sites which digitize and publish historical or out-of-copyright books, such as Google Books, Internet Archive, and Haithi Digital Trust (see 5 Places to Find Historical Books Online for Free). State Archives websites are another good place to check for published historical state statutes. Using online sources, the answer to our question about the minimum marriage age in 1855, can be found in the 1854 Revised Code of North Carolina, available online in digitized format on the Internet Archive: Females under the age of fourteen years, and males under the age of sixteen, shall be incapable of contracting marriage. 1. ______________________________________Sources: 1. Bartholomew F. Moore and William B. Rodman, editors, Revised Code of North Carolina Enacted by the General Assembly at the Session of 1854 (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1855); digital images, Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org : accessed 25 June 2012).

How Dickens Creates Sympathy for the Characters in Great...

How Dickens Creates Sympathy for the Characters in Great Expectations Published initially as a weekly contribution in a local newspaper, Dickens’ Great Expectations developed to be a great success. Great Expectations was a story for all classes, both rich and poor appreciated his efforts. Great Expectations is the tale of Phillip Pirrip who has no family except an older sister, he feels insecure in the world around him. Having no parents to give him a sense of identity, he wanders in the wilderness that is the graveyard to search for answers. Dickens’ own life was very much along the lines of Pip, his father a well paid clerk went to jail for unpaid debts. Dickens himself was a weak and feeble child who was not cared for. He†¦show more content†¦Pip’s gloomy and unpleasant surroundings transform him into a â€Å"small bundle of shivers†. The reader is once again reminded of Pip’s vulnerability and defenselessness. The reader feels sympathy for Pip’s misfortune as he suffers from the grief of his family and then terrorization from a â€Å"fearful† convict. For Pip death is in the form of Magwich, a violent convict whose sole purpose is to harm. Magwich’s death is symbolized by the gallows, which create â€Å"terrible† thoughts in Pip’s mind. The mutual misunderstanding created between the characters of their surroundings makes the reader sympathize with both Pip and Magwich. Dickens introduces us immediately to Pip, who is both the central character of Great Expectations and the storys narrator. The name Pip suggests a physically small character that has yet to develop (in to an adult perhaps), just like the pip of a fruit. Dickens builds up the character of Pip throughout the passage. Pip at first seems like an innocent child safe from harm, hopelessly abandoned without his parents. Suddenly Pip is attacked by an unknown stranger, clad in chains and dishevelled in appearance. The immediacy of the situation seems comedic at first but develops to become the focus of the passage. The reader feels sorry for Pip as the escaped convict threaten him just after he realised the death of his parents. TheShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations Essay822 Words   |  4 PagesGreat expectations coursework My essay is going to be about the 1876 edition novel ‘Great Expectations.’ The author of this novel is Charles Dickens. When the novel opens we meet Pip as a rather young child. Pip is the narrator as well as the main character. This is known as the first person. Pip as an adult talks about Pip as a child. He talks about his life as a child and how it was a struggle without his parents being around to help him. This makes it interesting to read. DickensRead MoreCharles Dickens A Great Writer1105 Words   |  5 PagesOctober 2015 Remembering Charles Dickens Charles Dickens is a famous author who wrote numerous books which were enjoyed by many throughout the years. 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What Does Holden Red Hunting Hat Symbolizes free essay sample

You may want to consider: How Holder got his hat, the many different ways he wears it and what each means, the color, what purpose the hat serves for Holder. Include quotes about the hat. Holders red hunting hat is one of the most noticeable symbols in the Catcher in the Rye. After reading the book every time we think of Holder, we imagine him wearing the hat. It represents his peculiar personality and his desire of being different from everyone else, even though he does not wears it around people he knows. For example when he says: That hat I bought had earls in it, and I out them on-? I didnt give a damn how I looked. Nobody was around anyway. Everybody was In the sack. He bought the red hunting hat during his trip to New York, for Just one dollar, after he left the fencing team equipment in the subway. We will write a custom essay sample on What Does Holden Red Hunting Hat Symbolizes? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So we can say that he was feeling angry with himself at the time he bought It. He Is complimented several times while wearing the hat, even Ackley wanted to keep It. The hat comforts him In many ways. It serves as a camouflage from the outer world s well as an attention grabber.Moreover as an object that links him to his family especially his deceased brother Allele, and his sister Phoebe, the two persons he unconditionally shows love for since they are both red headed. Like when he uses It while writing Straplesss composition about Allies baseball melt. Also It represents himself as a child and It Is strongly linked to a mall theme In the book: childhood. We can assume that because he takes It off when hes on his way to a bar and at the hotel. At the end of the book the hat becomes a pure symbol of the Phoebe and Holder feeling for each other.The following excerpt Justifies It: Then all of a sudden she gave me a kiss and Then she did-?let damn near Killed me-?she reached In my coat pocket and took out my red hunting hat and put It on my head. In conclusion, this red hunting hat was Holders statement to society, to show his peculiarity and his only way of saying that he was different from all the phonies that surrounded him. Since the hat relates him with Allele and Phoebe because of the lour, he wears It to keep his Innocence In this growing up translation hes currently living.What Does Holder Red Hunting Hat Symbolizes? By narcissistic didnt give a damn how I looked. Nobody was around anyway. Everybody was in the angry with himself at the time he bought it. He is complimented several times while wearing the hat, even Ackley wanted to keep it. The hat comforts him in many ways. It serves as a camouflage from the outer world unconditionally shows love for since they are both red headed. Like when he uses it hill writing Straplesss composition about Allies baseball mitt.Also it represents himself as a child and it is strongly linked to a main theme in the book: childhood. We can assume that because he takes it off when hes on his way to a bar and at the Holder feeling for each other. What Does Holden Red Hunting Hat Symbolizes free essay sample For example when he says: â€Å"That hat I bought had earlaps in it, and I out them on— I didn’t give a damn how I looked. Nobody was around anyway. Everybody was in the sack. † He bought the red hunting hat during his trip to New York, for just one dollar, after he left the fencing team equipment in the subway. So we can say that he was feeling angry with himself at the time he bought it. He is complimented several times while wearing the hat, even Ackley wanted to keep it. The hat comforts him in many ways. It serves as a camouflage from the outer world as well as an attention grabber.Moreover as an object that links him to his family especially his deceased brother Allie, and his sister Phoebe, the two persons he unconditionally shows love for since they are both red headed. Like when he uses it while writing Stradlater’s composition about Allie’s baseball mitt. We will write a custom essay sample on What Does Holden Red Hunting Hat Symbolizes? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also it represents himself as a child and it is strongly linked to a main theme in the book: childhood. We can assume that because he takes it off when he’s on his way to a bar and at the hotel. At the end of the book the hat becomes a pure symbol of the Phoebe and Holden feeling for each other. The following excerpt justifies it: â€Å"Then all of a sudden she gave me a kiss† and â€Å"Then she did—it damn near Killed me—she reached in my coat pocket and took out my red hunting hat and put it on my head. † In conclusion, this red hunting hat was Holden’s statement to society, to show his peculiarity and his only way of saying that he was different from all the phonies that surrounded him. Since the hat relates him with Allie and Phoebe because of the color, he wears it to keep his innocence in this growing up transition he’s currently living.

Toronto Blue Jayss Case Study Essays - Grapefruit League

Toronto Blue Jays's Case Study Toronto Blue Jays Issue The Toronto Blue Jays baseball team was founded in the 1970s and experienced support from the fans during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1992 and 1993, the Jays won back-to-back World Series, yet in 1994, the team faced setbacks. The team had a losing streak, there was a major league baseball strike, and no World Series was played. At the same time, gambling came to Toronto, and the team had to compete for the fan's time. Also, players' salaries skyrocketed at a time when the Canadian dollar fell in value. How could the Toronto Blue Jays adjust ticket prices to improve financial performance and increase fan attendance? Situation Analysis The opening pitch of the 1999 marks the start of the Toronto Blue Jays twenty third seasons in the American League. In 1998, the Jays brought in their first winning season since 1993. The Jays plays in the worlds most advanced retractable-roof stadium. It is luxuriously called the Sky Dome. With a winning record like this and a state of the art stadium, the Jays feel their tickets are a great value because of the satisfaction fans can expect to receive from the ball game. Recommendation ? Price is that which is given up in an exchange to acquire a good or service. Price is typically the money exchanged for the good or service. Blue Jays pricing structure is based on the perceived value of the game, the entertainment, the love of baseball, and the action, not just the money. ? Inelastic demand means that an increase or decrease in price will not significantly affect demand for the product. In spite of the rising prices for the Blue Jays tickets, fans were expected to turn out in large numbers. This inelastic demand for the tickets can be attributed in large part of the fact that their teams plays so well in 1998, and another factor is that the Blue Jays fan could never stay away from their team. Another inelastic demand for the Blue Jays tickets is that there is no other locally substitute team. ? Blue Jays pricing strategies are not just a financial necessity, they are also a promotional tool used to increase fan attendance. How? At all Saturday home game and nonholiday games, senior citizens and young people up to fourteen years old can purchase tickets except for the most expensive ones. Season ticket holders receive special benefits like same seat for every game. Group tickets also receive special treatment like preferred seating. ? Besides the ticket sale that generates a big portion of the Blue Jays revenue, merchandising is another factor for generating revenue. What pricing Staregy are they using? The blue Jays merchandising use a prestige pricing strategy, charging high prices helps promote the Jays high quality image. In conclusion, we can say the inelastic demand and the prestige pricing of the merchandise are fueled by the success of the ball team. Business

Social, Physical and Personal Qualities Essay Example

Social, Physical and Personal Qualities Essay Definition Many experts, especially in social and human scientists including psychologists and philosophers, believe that a place may not be as objective as people think it is(Rollero De Piccoli, 2010). They believe that a place is more subjective being that it is controlled by the individuals perception and conception (Rollero De Piccoli, 2010). These and many more aspects within and in the individuals environment affect his/her reality in that the person will lack direct access to it. Despite all the factors surrounding the individual and the place, social scientists still believe that there exists an attachment between the person and a place(Anton Lawrence, 2014). The experts believe that the person creates two bonds with the place including place attachment and place identity(Qingjiu Maliki, 2013). Therefore, place attachment is an emotional tie one develops with a particular place. Raymond et al. (2010) identify and integrated model towards addressing place attachment. These include th e natural, personal and community connections. We will write a custom essay sample on Social, Physical and Personal Qualities specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social, Physical and Personal Qualities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social, Physical and Personal Qualities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is a multi-disciplinary field that involves social, physical, and psychological aspects. It is therefore as Casakin, Hernndez, Ruiz (2015) explains psychosocial in nature that has its foundation on positive attitudes and emotional or affective ties towards a given local environment. The process is further characterized by social interactions, which are intense and dynamic. It has a close relation with neighborhood attachment which most studies reveal to be a feeling of satisfaction and belonging for ones residential area whose development is through frequent interactions with neighbors. Lewicka (2008) brings out the place to be an essential component of the environmental branch of psychology. The author believes that there can never be a precise meaning and definition of the place and its differences from space. Despite the lack of a measurement tool for the bonds individuals have towards a place, she believes that there exist these relationships including, place identity, attach ment, dependence and much more. Place attachment is, therefore, the bond a person creates with places (Pretty, Chipuer, Bramston, 2003). There are three components of place attachment including behavioral, cognitive, and affective. However, much emphasis is often on the emotional aspect of the place attachment (Lewicka, 2008). There are numerous studies on place attachment about ages or sex but limited evidence on studies related to gender (Raymond, Brown, Weber, 2010). Therefore, the paper will mainly focus on gender and its relation to place attachment. The importance of place attachment Place attachment dictates an essential part of the individuals well-being. As Joffe Smith (2016) indicate, prosperity will depend on various factors including physical and social aspects, which will determine their place attachment. Through a study they conducted in two major cities in Britain Joffe Smith (2016) identified that these elements are dominant in the views of those who dwell in the towns and what their feelings are of an appropriate city of the future. The responses of participants were also indications of the reasons why people develop attachments to particular places. On the physical aspects, the researchers identified issues such as the appeal of facilities including the municipal, social, retail, and cultural. There was also the aspect of nature where they viewed green and blue to signify health and open spaces and parks to signify places to escape. Transport, well designed and beautiful cities and big vs. small cities were also some of the aspects that came out dur ing the study. On the social side, there was safety and a sense of community (Joffe Smith, 2016). Alarasi et al. (2016) develop a paper in which they aim at the incorporation of children in the development of cities. Various factors within the towns will determine the attachment a child creates with the place, and thus the researchers work on revealing the importance of capturing the perception of children in urban development (Boga, 2009). The needs of children have often been ignored despite the fact that they have the ability to recognize various issues within a place and give suggestions for solutions (Alarasi, Martinez Amer, 2016). The researchers move further to identify that the qualities of any childs environment are often four. They are the physical or social and the positive or negative. Their paper identified various positive social conditions to be secure tenure, cohesive community identity, freedom from social threats and a habit of community self-help. There were positive physical qualities, which included freedom of movement, from physical danger, places for, peer gathering, green area, availability of essential services and a variety of settings for activities (Alarasi, Martinez Amer, 2016). They further identified adverse physical qualities to be litter, heavy traffic, and geographical isolation, lack of basic services, limited gathering places, and limited activity settings (Alarasi, Martinez Amer, 2016). The participants in the study further identified various negative social qualities, which included boredom, fear of crime and harassment, social stigma and exclusion, political powerlessness and racial tensions. von Wirth, Grt-Regamey, Moser, Stauffacher, (2016) identify Place attachment as a concept that has three dimensions including the personal characteristics, place characteristics, and psychological processes. A number of studies including Joffe Smith (2016) and Alarasi, Martinez Amer (2016) only include the social and physical qualities, which is an indication of the limited literature on personal qualities in relation to place attachment. Therefore, the study will incorporate social, physical, and personal qualities in explaining place attachment to ensure development of an inclusive literature. Emotional ties in place attachment Place attachment has a solid foundation on an individuals emotionality (Raymond et al., 2010). The bonds develop because of the affect one expresses towards various aspects of his/her environment. Raymond et al. (2010) develop an explanation of what place attachment comprises of. They believe that the concept is in two components, which include place identity and place dependence. Place identity as the researchers explain it is a composition of the various dimensions within the self. They include a mixture of feelings and emotions towards different aspects that are physical. They include different symbolic connections that give a precise definition of the person an individual is (Raymond, Brown, Weber, 2010). Emotions are often because of physical stimuli that people experience. An active stimulus will produce emotions like joy or love. Various neurotransmitters experience alterations within the brain leading to a psychological reaction in ones mind a specifically through the expres sion of a particular emotion. The negative stimulus will also result in unpleasant emotions including anger, sadness and much more.; It is, therefore, clear that emotional ties have an influence on place attachment. Initial and frequent interaction with a place affects the worldview the individual creates towards the environment (Raymond et al., 2010). Aspects like security and social acceptance will change the type of attachment one creates and in which case the attachment becomes positive (Rollero ; De Piccoli, 2010). Negative stimuli during the interaction of one with the place like social isolation will lead to the development of negative emotions. In most instances, the type of emotionality one attaches to something will affect the individual;s overall view. Therefore, place attachment is a human process that depends on emotional ties to a given level. The study will therefore also focus on the influence of emotional ties on place attachment.; Place attachment and place identity Evidence indicates that the relationship between place attachment and place identity remains to be fuzzy. Many researchers will even use the two terms interchangeably (Hern;ndez, Carmen Hidalgo, Salazar-Laplace, ; Hess, 2007). However many of these researchers recognize the importance of place identity as much as they do place attachment (Chow ; Healey, 2008). Place identity often stems from the very essence of the place and has an intimate relationship with place attachment. One could say that as an individual develops place attachment, the creation of place identity is inevitable. As Casakin, Hern;ndez, ; Ruiz (2015) explain place identity is a significant part of one;s identity of the self and is evident through individual values, ideas, preferences, and objectives that are always relevant to the place. Place identity also manifests through how the person comprehends and understands the place. Hern;ndez, Carmen Hidalgo, Salazar-Laplace, ; Hess, (2017) find an intrinsic motivation to place attachment and place identity. They explain that place identity forms an essential part of one;s identity and thus affects the type of attachment on develops with a place. Place identity, therefore, becomes the procedure through which an individual describes him/herself as being part of a particular place through a continue interaction with that place (Hern;ndez, Mart;n, Ruiz, ; Hidalgo, 2010). The researchers, however, identify the issue lack of clarity to the relationship that exists between place attachment and place identity (Qingjiu ; Maliki, 2013).; ; The concepts may appear similar, and in some instances, people use them as synonyms. In other cases, the attachment is operationalized regarding identity. Some individuals may view one component as including the other for example place attachment may be recognized as an element of place identity. However, in a broader sense place attachment is regarded as a multidimensional construct that includes dependence on place, place attachment and many social bonds (Rollero ; De Piccoli, 2010). The study therefore, will, work on defining conceptually and critically the relationship that is present between place attachment and place identity. The formation of relationships with the environment Lewicka (2017) recognizes the presence of various aspects within the place an individual is attached to. They include neighborhoods, region, country, continent, open vs. closed, open vs. gated, the type of social place and capital, preferences that are individually differentiated and much more. All these concepts are part of one;s environment, and they often work as determinants of the type of relationship the individual creates with his/her environment. About this, Joffe ; Smith (2016) talk about personal preferences of future cities, and this stems down to the environment. Personal well-being is dependent on the environment, and negative environmental factors like carbon emissions affect the quality of one;s well-being. Therefore, it is safe to say that people will create relationships with the environment; it is the whole essence of place attachment. However, the type and quality of the relationship that develops highly lean on various aspects within and outside the environment.; About the environment, Lewicka (2010) recognizes various factors that surround the formation of bonds with ones environment. These include the scale of the place, the neighborhood, the home, or dwelling and the city or district. They are pillars of an individuals environment and the relationship created is dependent on various factors within these pillars including social ties, family and socio-economic status and much more. Alarasi, Martinez, Amer (2016) take a different look at the issue of relationship formation with the environment. Their focus is on children and the environment not only the physical but the emotional too. They believe that those children from urban areas suffer neglect especially when identifying factors to consider for city construction and development. Their emphasis is more on understanding various behavior settings for children than just a general look at their personal characteristics. It is essential to get a precise picture of the environmental preferences of children to enable them to develop healthy relationships with particular environments they interact with. It calls for the inclusion of what they prefer especially in urban area environments throughout the construction and development process. It will ensure that they do not feel like outsiders but can easily identify with the particular environment. The current study will, therefore, analyze the formation of relationships with the environment and put into consideration individuals of all ages and not just adults. Gender differences in cities Gender variations are often strong determinants of various preferences individuals have. Place attachment, especially in the towns, is no different as it also varies according to gender. In a study carried out by Alarasi, Martinez Amer (2016) on the perception of cities by children, they identified that though not so significant, there existed differences in preferences between boys and girls. One of the major differences was in the language use especially adjectives where male children would use terms like friendly while girls used pretty. Gils also had their opinion that differed with that of the boys concerning the city centre. The found it unfriendly because they were uncomfortable with the unwanted attention that was present in some areas they accessed. It was an indication of the difference in perception of safety between the boys and the girls. The boys had a higher sense of security in general compared to the girls. Generally, women will care more about safety and therefore create a place attachment to areas they feel their security is guaranteed. The social identity theory indicates individual preferences for what members of a similar group prefer. People find motivation in finding self-esteem, which helps in the achievement and maintenance of a social identity that is positive. Gender divides individuals into groups that people identify with. The preferences will differ from one group to the next, and a group will always go for what works on the development of individual self-esteem and what makes them get a sense of belonging not only to the group but also within the environment. It is a social psychology precept that indicates a form of in-group favoritism. Therefore, city identification and evaluation will get a positive relation based on the concept. It is an indication that if individuals from one gender affiliation identify with a given city, their assessment of the city will be active. Gender also determines particular emotionality with female individuals being characterized to more emotionally reactive than males. The characteristic will also trickle down to the preferences the two groups have of the cities they choose. The various gender characteristics also affect the differences within cities. Both males and females will have a town they prefer over another and in an instance where they go for a similar city; there are certain aspects of the city that men would prefer more to women. The significant difference presents a gender impact on personal choices. It is the reason why the study will introduce the issue of gender and various aspects of gender. It will go further to determine its relationship to place attachment and place identity. The study also aims at understanding the perceptions of place attachment within gender. The current study All these factors and much more, necessitate a rise in the need to explore a gender-focused research on place attachment specifically on the social, physical, and personal qualities. The study focuses on identifying the various perceptions of place attachment within gender. Various issues lead to the research including the lack of clear definitions of place attachment. Numerous studies are available on place attachment on neighborhoods. It is the primary unit where researchers deem appropriate to identify place attachment and all its precepts. Up to seventy percent of the current studies focus on neighborhoods (Raymond et al., 2010). On the other hand, research is limited on place attachment within gender of cities. Evidence indicates that studies on cities only total up to ten percent of the papers on this area (Morgan, 2010). The study also aims at taking a focus on gender. There is still limited literature focusing on gender and place attachment. Alarasi, Martinez Amer (2016) con duct a study on the preferences of children, and their research focuses on the choices the participants make with relation to their gender. Most studies dealing with people demographics often focus only on age and sex. The study concentrates on various qualities including social, physical, and personal while leaning towards gender. It, therefore, adopts the framework of the study carried out by Alarasi, Martinez Amer (2016) which contains the gender perspective for the study. The study employs the use of the QGIS mixed-method approach, which is appropriate in identifying different aspects of the constructs under study. The current study will, therefore, identify the social and physical qualities using a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. There is also the incorporation of personal qualities within the study. Therefore, the paper aims at also adopting the format by Joffe Smith (2016) who employ the use of the Social Representations Theory (SRT) framework to develop personal qualities in reaction to place attachment. Therefore, the study will integrate both structures to ensure that the results generated are efficient. The study adopts the tripartite theory in its explanation of the available data. The theory proposes three dimensions of place attachment including person, place dimensions and psychological process (Gifford Scannell, 2017). These aspects work together and individual in place attachment. One concept will contribute to the stability of the other. The central research question for the study is what are the perceptions of place attachment within gender? An exploratory study will focus on developing literature on gender about place attachment within cities. It is a new area of research within place attachment, and there is limited evidence to indicate the association between the two concepts. The study, therefore, focuses on exploring the issue of gender to develop new literature. The research adopts the methodology used by Joffe Smith (2016) and Alarasi, Martinez Amer (2016) in their studies on place attachment. The study utilizes the data available in these studies, which were acqui red through carrying out interviews with the participants. Gender, age, ethnic groups, and social, economic classes all at an equal level selected the members. The current study adopts and uses social and physical qualities from the coding frameworks developed by Joffe Smith (2016) and Alarasi, Martinez Amer (2016). The research goes further to develop and incorporate a third dimension on personal qualities. The study adopts transcription and coding frameworks for both the Joffe Smith study and that by Alarasi, Martinez Amer (2016). Both coding frameworks will ensure that all aspects the study is trying to develop are incorporated including the social, physical, and personal qualities, which are present in both studies. References Alarasi, H., Martinez, J., Amer, S. (2016). Childrens perception of their city centre: A qualitative GIS methodological investigation in a Dutch City. Childrens Geographies, 14(4), 437-452. Anton, C. E., Lawrence, C. (2014). Home is where the heart is: The effect of place of residence on place attachment and community participation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 451461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.10.007 Boga, C. (2009). Place attachment in a foreign settlement. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(2), 267278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.01.001 Casakin, H., Hernndez, B., Ruiz, C. (2015). Place attachment and place identity in Israeli cities: The influence of city size. Cities, 42, 224-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.07.007 Chow, K., Healey, M. (2008). Place attachment and place identity: First-year undergraduates making the transition from home to university. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(4), 362372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.02.011 Hernndez, B., Carmen Hidalgo, M., Salazar-Laplace, M. E., Hess, S. (2007). Place attachment and place identity in natives and non-natives. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(4), 310319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.06.003 Hernndez, B., Martn, A. M., Ruiz, C., Hidalgo, M. del C. (2010). The role of place identity and place attachment in breaking environmental protection laws. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(3), 281288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.01.009 Joffe, H., Smith, N. (2016). City dweller aspirations for cities of the future: How do environmental and personal wellbeing feature?. Cities, 59, 102-112. Lewicka, M. (2008). Place attachment, place identity, and place memory: Restoring the forgotten city past. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(3), 209-231. Lewicka, M. (2010). What makes neighborhood different from home and city? Effects of place scale on place attachment. Journal of environmental psychology, 30(1), 35-51. Lewicka, M. (2017). Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years?. Retrieved 8 February 2017 Morgan, P. (2010). Towards a developmental theory of place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.07.001 Pretty, G. H., Chipuer, H. M., Bramston, P. (2003). Sense of place amongst adolescents and adults in two rural Australian towns: The discriminating features of place attachment, sense of community and place dependence in relation to place identity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(3), 273287. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00079-8 Qingjiu, S., Maliki, N. Z. (2013). Place Attachment and Place Identity: Undergraduate Students Place Bonding on Campus. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 91, 632639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.463 Raymond, C. M., Brown, G., Weber, D. (2010). The measurement of place attachment: Personal, community, and environmental connections. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 422434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.08.002 Rubin, M., Badea, C., Condie, J., Mahfud, Y., Morrison, T., Peker, M. (2017). Individual differences in collectivism predict city identification and city evaluation in Australian, French, and Turkish cities. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Scannell, L. Gifford, R. (2017). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Retrieved 8 February 2017 Rollero, C., De Piccoli, N. (2010). Place attachment, identification and environment perception: An empirical study. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(2), 198205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.12.003 von Wirth, T., Grt-Regamey, A., Moser, C., Stauffacher, M. (2016). Exploring the influence of perceived urban change on residents place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 46, 6782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.03.001

Great Circlesâ€Definition and Examples in Geography

Great Circless in Geography A great circle is defined as any circle drawn on a globe (or another sphere) with a center that includes the center of the globe. Thus, a great circle divides the globe into two equal halves. Since they must follow the circumference of the Earth to divide it, great circles are about 40,000 kilometers (24,854 miles) in length along meridians. At the equator, though, a great circle is a little bit longer as the Earth is not a perfect sphere. In addition, great circles represent the shortest distance between two points anywhere on the Earths surface. Because of this, great circles have been important in navigation for hundreds of years but their presence was discovered by ancient mathematicians. Global Locations of Great Circles Great circles are easilye based on the lines of latitude and longitude. Each line of longitude, or meridian, is the same length and represents half of a great circle. This is because each meridian has a corresponding line on the opposite side of the Earth. When combined, they cut the globe into equal halves, representing a great circle. For example, the Prime Meridian at 0Â ° is half of a great circle. On the opposite side of the globe is the International Date Line at 180Â °. It too represents half of a great circle. When the two are combined, they create a full great circle which cuts the Earth into equal halves. The only line of latitude, or parallel, characterized as a great circle is the equator because it passes through the exact center of the Earth and divides it in half. Lines of latitude north and south of the equator are not great circles because their length decreases as they move toward the poles and they do not pass through Earths center. As such, these parallels are considered small circles. Navigating with Great Circles The most famous use of great circles in geography is for navigation because they represent the shortest distance between two points on a sphere. Due to the earths rotation, sailors and pilots using great circle routes must constantly adjust their route as the heading changes over long distances. The only places on Earth where the heading does not change is on the equator or when traveling due north or south. Because of these adjustments, great circle routes are broken up into shorter lines called Rhumb lines which show the constant compass direction needed for the route being traveled. The Rhumb lines also cross all meridians at the same angle, making them useful for breaking up great circles in navigation. Appearance on Maps To determine great circle routes for navigation or other knowledge, the gnomic map projection is often used. This is the projection of choice because on these maps the arc of a great circle is depicted as a straight line. These straight lines are then often plotted on a map with the Mercator projection for use in navigation because it follows true compass directions and is, therefore, useful in such a setting. It is important to note though that when long distance routes following great circles are drawn on Mercator maps, they look curved and longer than straight lines along the same routes. In reality, though, the longer looking, the curved line is actually shorter because it is on the great circle route. Common Uses of Great Circles Today Today, great circle routes are still used for long distance travel because they are the most efficient way to move across the globe. They are most commonly used by ships and aircraft where wind and water currents are not a significant factor though because currents like the jet stream are often more efficient for long distance travel than following the great circle. For example in the northern hemisphere, planes traveling west normally follow a great circle route that moves into the Arctic to avoid having to travel in the jet stream when going the opposite direction as its flow. When traveling east, however, it is more efficient for these planes to use the jet stream as opposed to the great circle route. Whatever their use, though, great circle routes have been an important part of navigation and geography for hundreds of years and knowledge of them is essential for long distance travel across the globe.

Great Days Out For Social Groups Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Great Days Out For Social Groups - Article Example The Isle of Wight is the ideal destination when it comes to sailing in the UK. It is most distinctively known for its yachting activities as well as the wide range of sailing events that take place all year round. Sailing is considered to be the most favorite pastime. It mostly takes place in August. There are entertainment facilities for both, the sightseers as well as the sailors. The sailors are offered hire equipments while bars and restaurants are present for the sightseers. One major attraction is also the fireworks that are held on the last Friday of the week.2 Camping is an outdoor activity that has attraction for all age groups and is considered to be one of the most entertaining and healthy outdoor activity and source of entertainment. Activities like swimming, wildlife nature etc is also included in the camping package. Children can take a swim in a nearby lake or pond and spend hours splashing and enjoying in the water, providing that it is safe. Another interest is the wildlife nature. Most people like things that are closest to the nature. Even a small insect can be a source of interest to them. Examination of rocks, flowers, butterflies etc are the major appeal. All these activities are very different from the normal routine life and hence the groups coma back home, relaxed and fresh.3